Over 800,000 of those adults — over 17% — developed their allergy after turning 18 years old, according to a study published Tuesday in The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.
A peanut allergy has generally been thought of as a pediatric issue, but more adults than children have the allergy, said study author Dr. Ruchi Gupta, director of the Center for Food Allergy and Asthma Research at Northwestern University in Illinois. But only 15% to 20% of children with a peanut allergy will outgrow their allergy by adulthood, according to the study.
Adults who reported developing a peanut allergy in adulthood were significantly less likely to get diagnosed by a physician compared to adults who reported developing the allergy as a child, according to the survey of over 40,000 US adults.
Gupta said she has noticed adults who have a negative reaction to a certain food tend to avoid eating it rather than following up with an allergy test. When you get diagnosed with a peanut allergy, you receive confirmation that you are allergic, which affects how you live your life, she said.
Of the 2.9% of US adults who reported having a peanut allergy, only 1.8% — that’s 4.6 million people — had a convincing peanut allergy, according to the study.
Convincing symptoms included vomiting, hives and trouble breathing among others, said study author Christopher Warren, research consultant at the Center for Food Allergy and Asthma Research. Some examples of symptoms that were not convincing included bloating and diarrhea, he said.
Adults who self-diagnose are also potentially placing an unnecessary burden on themselves of avoiding peanuts when they don’t have to, Warren added.
“They could be living their life as if their next bite could lead to a very bad outcome when it’s something that would be so easy to avoid” through routine allergy testing, Warren said.
Another reason it’s important to get diagnosed is because physicians can prescribe epinephrine, Gupta said, which is an emergency treatment for anaphylaxis, a severe reaction to an allergen.
Only 44% of adults with an adult-onset peanut allergy reported having an epinephrine prescription compared to 56% of adults with a childhood-onset peanut allergy, according to the study.
There is no known reason why peanut allergies develop in adults, but a person’s environment or hormones could play a role, Gupta said. She said research is being done to see if a change in a person’s living environment or a fluctuation in women’s hormones when they enter puberty or menopause could cause an allergy.
What to do if you suspect an allergy
This study revealed that peanut allergies in adults are much more prevalent than anticipated, said Steve Danon, senior vice president and chief of public affairs and communications at Food Allergy Research & Education, who was not involved in the study.
If you suspect you have a peanut allergy, Danon recommended seeing your primary care doctor to get tested.
In addition to peanuts, he says you should be tested for other common allergens like tree nuts. Adults with an adult-onset peanut allergy were more likely to report multiple allergies compared to adults with a childhood-onset peanut allergy, according to the study.
The Food and Drug Administration has not approved any peanut allergy therapy for adults, Warren said, but there is one therapy for children ages 4 to 17. The therapy slowly desensitizes the children to peanuts, which allows them to ingest the peanut protein and have a milder reaction or none at all, according to the study.
Another benefit of being diagnosed as an adult is you can participate in peanut allergy therapy trials, Warren said. Clinical trials are an important part of the process to getting peanut allergy therapies approved for adults, he said.